Safeguarding And Protection Of Vulnerab

To protect somebody is to keep them safe from harm and injury and the term safeguarding means to protect from harm or damage with appropriate measures. As a person's mental capacity is relevant with regards to safeguarding, as a worker, you have to accept that an adult is making choices that to you may be unwise, but If they are deemed to have mental capacity, there is very little you can do apart from advise them of this. As adult safeguarding is not â€Å"clear cut† you have to ensure that you do not think the decisions they are making are unwise because you yourself wouldn't do it.The majority of our client group are vulnerable, and if we look at the adults that e work with that misuse substances, this can be a grey area with regards to safeguarding. Obviously if an adult chooses to use a substance, that is their decision, however, substances impair your mind and your Judgment, so if something happens to them whilst they are under the Influence, this should be a safeguardin g matter and should be dealt with accordingly.By protecting somebody this could imply that others are making a decision for an adult rather than with them, but the current safeguarding legislation in place accepts that individuals have the right to take risks o long as they have capacity and understand the implication or consequences. An example of this would be a client who we are currently working with who is a dependent alcoholic with cataracts in both eyes so he has virtually no sight. This man Is extremely vulnerable to theft and people taking advantage of him.The work that we do to protect him wealth the home Is practical things Like removing trip hazards, putting things back exactly where they are in the flat and guiding him when we take him out shopping. This man became the subject of safeguarding when somebody knocked his door claiming to be a council official and demanded that he ay all of his Council tax arrears. Secondly, one of his â€Å"friends† used to do his s hopping for him but this has resulted in money going missing from his bank account. This gentleman does have mental capacity although this has to be questioned if he has decided to drinks whole bottle of vodka.Although it is not good for him, it is his decision to drink alcohol and that has to be respected. We can advise him of the risks to his health and how this could put him in vulnerable situations. We can protect him from his friend having access to this bank account by owing shopping for him, however, If he refuses this request, we can only make him aware that money may well go missing again. We all have a duty of care towards our Child Protection, different social care teams can have very different views/opinions on what is a safeguarding matter. . 3 Explain the legislative framework for safeguarding vulnerable adults There are many Acts and Government initiatives in place with regards to vulnerable adults safeguarding. Human Rights Act (1998) – This Act is a benchmark upon which services can assess how they uphold an individuals rights. Public bodies such as Police, Courts, hospitals etc, and other bodies carrying out public functions have to comply with the Convention rights. The list below details the fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals have access to.Everyone has a right to life, a life with freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment. A right to liberty and security, freedom from slavery and forced labor. The right too fair trial with no punishment without law. Respect for your private and family life, home and correspondence. Freedom of thought, belief and religion and freedom of expression. Protection from discrimination in respect of these rights and freedom. Freedom of expression and the right to marry and start a family. The right to peaceful enjoyment of your property and the right to education.Care Standards Act (2000) – this led onto National Minimum Standards and means of measuring care service qualit y. This act has established an independent regulatory body for care services, (the National Care Standards Commission). Independent Councils are required to register Social Care Workers, set standards in social care work and regulate the education and training of Social Workers. It provides for the Secretary of State to maintain a list of individuals who are considered unsuitable to work with vulnerable adults.The main purpose of the Act is that local authorities will be required to meet the same standards as independent sector providers. The Act made for the provision of a General Social Care Council whose role it is are to regulate the training of Social Workers, raise standards in social care through codes and conduct and practice with a register of social care staff to be set up and maintained by the council. Care providers who supply individuals to work in care sections will be under a duty to refer people to the list who are considered unsuitable to work with vulnerable adults .Care providers have to carry out checks of the list before offering employment in a care position working with vulnerable adults and should refuse employment to any person. No Secrets (2000) – This guidance was produced due to serious incidents of abuse and to also ensure compliance with the Human Rights Act. Although No Secrets is not legislation it holds the status of statutory guidance and local social services should follow this. The key statements in relation to No Secrets are; Every person has he right to live a life free from abuse, exploitation and neglect.There should be no discrimination regarding abuse because of assumptions about class, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, race, religion or culture. Adults at risk of abuse must be made aware of their rights and given information, advice and support. They should be enabled and encouraged to access the protection of the law and legal processes where they wish to do so. Every effort must be made to promote t he well being, security and safety of adults at risk of abuse in line with their rights, mental capacity n the course of action to take whilst being given all possible forms of support.An adult may choose to remain in an abusive environment, and, in such cases it is important to consider what advice and support can be offered to reduce the risk of harm. Effective inter agency working is crucial for the safeguarding of adults from abuse. Effective information sharing, collaborations and understanding between agencies and professions are paramount in safeguarding adults. No single agency can act in isolation to ensure the welfare and protection of adults at risk of abuse and information and decision making must be shared.Valuing People (2001) – This is specifically related to those with learning disabilities and has been written from a human rights perspective and also started the personalization agenda. It includes the several key rights; People with learning disabilities and their families have the same human rights as everyone else. Independent Living – All disabled people should have greater choice and control over the support they need to go about their daily life. They should have greater access to housing, education, employment, leisure and transport and be giving the opportunity to participate fully in family and community life.Control – People with disabilities are to be involved and in control of decisions made about their life. They are to be provided with the information and support to understand the different options and consequences so that they can make informed decisions. Inclusion – Being able to participate in all the aspects of community. To work, learn and meet people. To become part of a social network and be able to access services and have the support to do so. Safeguarding Adults (2005) – The aim of this was to change the concept of protection and was geared towards those who lacked capacity.This is wher e the concept of upgrading emerged with individuals taking informed risks and exercising choices rather than authorities taking the lead. Safeguarding Adults (2005) is made up of eleven sets of good practice standards. Each local authority has established a multi agency partnership to lead in safeguarding adults work. Accountability for and ownership of safeguarding adults work is to be recognized by each partner's organizations body. The safeguarding policy includes a clear statement of every individual's right to live free from abuse and neglect, this message is to be actively promoted to the public.Each partner agency should have a policy of zero tolerance of abuse within the organization. The safeguarding adults partnership oversees a multi agency workforce that is appropriately resourced with a development and training strategy. Anybody can access information about how to gain safety from abuse and violence to include information about local safe guarding procedures. There is a local multi agency safeguarding adults policy describing how local authorities respond to all adults who may be eligible for community care services and who may be at risk of abuse of neglect.Each partner agency has a set of internal guidelines that are insistent with the local authority safe guarding adults policy. The guidelines set out the responsibilities of all employees/workers. The safeguarding adults procedures include the following stages – alert, referral, decision, safeguarding assessment monitoring. The safeguarding procedures are available to all adults covered by the policy. The partnership agency includes service users in all aspects of their work.To include monitoring, development, implementation of safeguarding plans and assessment. Mental Capacity Act (2005) – This Act is aimed to protect vulnerable adults who are enable to make their own decisions and it has 5 key principles. Presumption of capacity – every adult has the right to make his or her own decisions and must be assumed to have capacity to do so unless it is proved otherwise. You cannot assume that somebody cannot make a decision for themselves Just because they have a particular medical condition or disability.Individuals being supported to make their own decisions – A person must be given all practicable help before anyone treats them as not being able to make their own decisions. You should make every effort to encourage and support people to make their own decisions. If lack of capacity is established, you should still involve the person as much as possible in making decisions. Unwise decisions – People have the right to make unwise decisions that others may think are unwise or eccentric. You cannot assume a lack of capacity for this reason.People have their own values, beliefs and preferences which may not be the same as others. Best interests – anything done for or on behalf of a person who lacks mental capacity must be done in their best interests. Less restrictive option – Someone acting on behalf of a person or making a decision for a person who lacks opacity must consider whether it is possible to act in a way that would interfere less with the person's rights and freedoms of action and whether any decision/action needs to be taken at all.Any intervention should be weighed up in the particular circumstances of the case. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups (2006) – This saw the introduction of the vetting/ barring system and the introduction of the offence fraud by abuse of position. It has the following three key principles. Unsuitable persons should be barred from working with children or vulnerable adults. Employers should have a means of heckling that a person is not barred from working with children and vulnerable adults.Suitability checks should be part of an ongoing assessment in order to catch those who commit wrongs following a suitability check. Fraud Act (2006) – This included a new offence of fraud by abuse of position. This included the misuse of money by those appointed to manage money, for example power of attorney or a position that an agency was expected to safeguard and not to act against the financial interests of another person, or people that have abused their position. Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (2008) – This is part of the legal framework that is et out in the Mental Capacity Act.Those unable to consent to treatment due too mental impairment should be supported in a way that does not limit their rights. It was introduced to protect the human rights of people who were in certain settings does not apply to people who have been detained under the Mental Health Act 1983. Deprivation of Liberty should ensure that people can be given the care they need in the least restrictive regimes, prevents decisions that deprive vulnerable people of their liberty and allows people the right to challenge against an unlawful detention.Health and Social C are Act (2008), (Regulated Activities), Regulations 2010 and the Care Quality Commission (Registration) Regulations 2009 – This led to the creation of the Care Quality Commission to regulate services using the essential standards of quality and safety, with the emphasis on outcomes and what can be expected from care providers. The regulations in relation to safeguarding are; Respecting and involving people who use services. Consent to care and treatment and a client can be confident that their human rights are respected and taken into account.Care and welfare of people that use services – roper steps must be taken to ensure that each client is protected against the risks of receiving care or treatment that is inappropriate or unsafe. Safeguarding people who use services from abuse – suitable arrangements should be made to ensure that clients are safeguarded against the risk of abuse by taking reasonable stops to identify the possibility of abuse and prevent it b efore it occurs and respond appropriately to any allegations of abuse.Cleanliness and infection control – measure must be taken so far as reasonable practicable to ensure that clients and workers are protected against identifiable risks of infection. Management of medicines – clients are to be protected against the risks associated with the unsafe use and management of medicines. Appropriate arrangements are to be made for obtaining, recording, handling, using, safe keeping, dispensing, safe administration and disposal of medicines.Safety and suitability of premises – We must ensure that clients and workers that have access to premises are protected in that the design and layout is suitable and appropriate security measures have been taken. Safety, availability and suitability of equipment – Suitable arrangements must be made to rote clients and workers who may be at risk from the use of unsafe equipment. Equipment must be properly maintained and suitable for its purpose and must be used correctly.Requirements relating to workers – Companies to ensure that the person is of good character and has the relevant skills and experience to do the work and to ensure that the necessary checks, (DB'S), have been carried out. Supporting Workers – Workers should be supported by their Managers to ensure that they are appropriately supported in relation to their responsibilities to ensure they do their job to the required standard.Assessing and monitoring the quality of service provision – this should be regularly reviewed and clients should benefit from safe quality care, treatment and support in relation to decision making and the management of risks to their health, welfare and safety. Notification of other incidents – the commission must be notified of any incidents which occur whilst services are being provided. In relation to safeguarding this is any abuse or allegation of abuse that has been made or any incident which is reported to, or investigated by, the police. Reemerging from vulnerable adult to adult at risk. The Government are due to consider the recommendations with a view to introducing legislation. The recommendations are as follows; Local social services have the lead in co ordination responsibility for safeguarding. Local authorities have a duty to investigate adult protection cases And can either do this themselves or refer the investigation to another agency but this must be monitored by them. The local authorities would have the power to request co operation in adult protection investigations.An adult at risk can be defined as a person who appears to have health or social care needs, the person must appear to e at risk of harm rather than significant harm, the person appears unable to safeguard themselves from harm due to their health and social care needs. Harm is defined as ill treatment, (to include exploitation that is not physical), the impairment of health and developm ent, self harm and neglect and unlawful conduct that affects a persons property, rights or interests. Local authorities should have the lead role in establishing and maintaining safeguarding boards.The local authority, NASH and Police would be required to nominate a safeguarding board member that has the appropriate knowledge and skills. New compulsory and emergency powers should be set out for local authorities and adult protection cases, for example, power of entry or exclusion orders. Statement of Government Principles on adult safeguarding (2011) – local multi agencies should support and encourage communities to find their solutions locally. Guidance is given on how principles can be turned into outcomes.The six principles are; Empowerment – presumption of person led decisions and informed consent. Protection -support and representation for those in greatest need. Prevention – it is better to take action before harm occurs. Proportionality – proportio nate and least intrusive response appropriate to the risk presented. Partnership – Local solutions through services working with their communities. Communities have a part to play in preventing, detecting and reporting neglect and abuse. Accountability – Accountability and transparency in delivering safeguarding. 1. Explain the protocols and referral procedures when harm or abuse is alleged or suspected Within Sad/Alpha we have a Vulnerable Adult safeguarding lead. When a worker has concerns or a client has alleged abuse/harm, the first point of contact would be to discuss this with their Manager, (this should be no later than the end of he day that the allegation was made or the incident happened). If the client had made an allegation, whilst the worker was with them, they would make a factual note of what has been discussed, this would include name, date, details of allegation made and the worker's response.It is important that the client feels trusted and that no le ading questions are asked. The worker should then advise the client that they will be discussing this with their Line Manager as they have a duty of care towards them. Depending on the situation that has occurred, the worker would need to ensure that the adult at risk is made safe and if required has received medical occurred with a view to discussing whether the Police should be informed of this. If a worker has concerns about a client but an allegation hasn't been made, the worker is advised to speak to their Line Manager regarding this.As soon as realistically possible file notes should be done and together, the Manager, the Vulnerable Adult safeguarding lead and the worker will agree on the next course of action that needs to be taken. It is at this point it is important to remember that if the Manager and the worker do not agree on the next course of action then they are able to go to Senior Management level to discuss this further. . Sad/Alpha is a non statutory agency so, if we do have a concern regarding abuse, we would refer this onto the statutory agency that is working with the client.We would contact them as soon as realistically possible and follow this up with a written file note. If there is no statutory agency involvement, we would contact the Adult Social Services Locality Team to advise them of our concerns. This will usually mean speaking to the Duty Officer for the team. We would then follow this up with a written file note and send this across to the Duty Officer. Sometimes the Locality Team will check on their system, and, if there has been statutory agency involvement we were unaware of, they would request that we refer the matter to the relevant agency involved.Sometimes when a statutory agency, (for example SCHISM), have advised that they will be taking no further action and we disagree with this, we would then go back to the relevant Locality Team. They may well agree with the decision that has been made, and, if this is the case we w ould Just file note it accordingly. If however, they decide that action does need to be taken, it is the role of the Locality am to lead on this with the statutory agency. Internally, the seriousness of the incident will need to be assessed by the Manager and the Vulnerable Adult lead.If the incident is considered to be minor, we would complete a sudden untoward incident form and still advise the lead statutory agency Within Alpha is it my responsibility to ensure that all staff have been trained in Vulnerable Adult Safeguarding and that they are all aware of the reporting procedures/paperwork that needs to be completed. All workers know that any concerns have to be reported directly to myself, and, if I am absent, be reported to my Manager. The workers know that they are responsible for informing me as soon as possible and following this up with a written file note.They are aware that this type of information can be shared and that client confidentiality can be broken in this insta nce. Everything to do with the concerns raised or allegations made is documented in a file note and locked away in a secure filing cabinet. It is my responsibility to ensure that everything has been documented and stored. Safeguarding and the prevention of abuse As mentioned above, Sad/Alpha have a Vulnerable Adult Safeguarding Lead that I will liaise with if a safeguarding concern as been brought to my attention.It is mandatory for all staff to attend Vulnerable Adults Safeguarding training. Sad/Alpha have written their own company policies in relation to safeguarding. The safeguarding policy itself defines an adult at risk of harm, lists the types of physical/mental abuse or harm that can occur and the reporting procedure that should be followed if an allegation is made or if they have any concerns, (as outlined above). All staff who have read the policy will be aware of who they need to report to in the first instance and the importance of writing down and recording factual file notes.These policies have been written in line with the No Secrets Act (2000), The Mental Capacity Act (2005), Human Rights Act (1998) and Safeguarding Adults (2005). The other policy that needs to be read and understood in connection with safeguarding is the Sad/Alpha Weightlessness policy. This policy firstly reassures a staff member that they can make a disclosure within a positive and supportive environment and that there will be no reprisals from bringing a matter to their Manager's attention. The reporting procedure is outlined in the policy, and if the member of staff has a concern about a colleague, they will report directly to their LineManager. If, however, the concern is in relation to their Line Manager, they will report the matter to Senior Management level to be investigated. All staff are aware that they have a duty of care towards clients, their colleagues and themselves. I do believe that risk assessments that are regularly reviewed are extremely important to try an d prevent abuse occurring. Alpha risk assessments covers areas such as historical risk, risk to self, risk to others, risk from others and environmental risks. When we assess a client we will complete a risk assessment form and the client will be marked for overall risk.We can then discuss with the relevant worker/professional how to minimize risk, for example, one of our clients has historically made an allegation of sexual assault against a male worker from another agency. This client is currently being seen in pairs and the two workers are female. Risk assessments will only be successful if they are reviewed regularly as a matter of course. Communication is also very important, not Just between other agencies, but within the team. All staff members must know who to report concerns to and what to do. If a Manager is made aware of a possible concern/risk, this must be passed onto the rocker and vice versa.All complaints must be investigated, (no matter how small or minor they appea r to be), they must be documented correctly and the necessary action must be taken if required. Within Alpha we always encourage staff to try and view a complaint as a positive thing rather than a criticism. By reviewing and investigating complaints, our Care plans are also important in relation to safeguarding and these will also only be successful if they are reviewed on a regular basis and are communicated clearly to all staff that are working with the client.For example, we are currently working with a an who has poor eyesight and is unable to use the cash point unsupervised. Unbeknown to him, his friends have been withdrawing money from his account. His care plan has now changed in the respect that we have temporary power of attorney of his money and make all cash withdrawals at the bank for him keeping an accurate record of all money that has been spent. Sad/Alpha also have a responsibility to follow up on any references when people apply for a Job and to ensure that workers a re not working with a client unsupervised until they have had a satisfactory DB'S check.Regular training and supporting staff on a regular basis is also key. 4. Recommend proposals for improvements in systems and procedures in own service setting Within Alpha, I believe that we are very good at communicating with each other and as a team. I would however like to improve this by coming up with regular training sessions/staff meetings where we can all get together and share our thoughts and ideas and that staff and Managers can be updated on what is happening with regards to all clients to include risks and safeguarding.I like to hold supervision regularly, and as part of supervision, we discuss the clients that the worker is currently seeing, we review their care plan and make any required changes. This would also be a good time to update risk assessments, but all staff are aware that anything in relation to risk should be brought to my attention as soon as possible and that they sho uld not wait for a supervision.I do receive daily feedback from staff in relation to their visits. However, I would like to be more â€Å"hands off' with regards to client work and be able to spend my time working with staff on their visits and also visiting clients to perform an audit of our services and this would include risk. The audit could then be shared with the worker who would know that they loud need to action any of the relevant points and feedback to me when this had been completed.I think this would be of benefit to the client and to the worker who would be mindful that regular audits were going to occur which, in turn, would make them more aware that policies and procedures do need to be adhered to and it reinforces our duty of care. I think that our policies and procedures as a company are fairly robust, however, these may be subject to change in the near future if adult safeguarding becomes statutory along the same lines as child protection. I have now adopted a sys tem, that should there be a change in risk, a new risk assessment form is completed.I would however like to visit the clients on a quarterly basis at least to re evaluate risk regardless of whether their circumstances have changed or not. Although our team has a case load of regular clients, I believe that it is important that they are occasionally seen by somebody else who is not so used to them. It is very easy to become blinkered to risk/harm and a new set of eyes can be very important when reviewing this. I would like to implement a regular shuffle around within the unit/AC Learner signature: Assessor signature: Date:

Tin and Nitric Acid

Jarrett Sears Dr. Hummel Chem 121 2/7/13 A Chemical Reaction between Tin and Nitric Acid Introduction: Finding the products made from the components of tin metal and nitric acid is the ultimate objective of this lab; the formula of the products will be found in the CRC handbook thereafter. Procedure: First, obtain a clean crucible, and heat it under a Bunsen burner until it is as hot as possible, about 15 minutes within a fume hood unit. The Bunsen burner will be used under the fume hood for the entire duration of the lab. Place a crucible on a wire gauge, and wait for the crucible and its lid to cool off completely.After cooling, obtain the weight of the crucible and lid by placing it on a petri dish to be placed on an electric balance (petri dish mass must be obtained prior) without using any hands; there will not be any touching of the fingers or hands to or on the crucible and subtract the mass of the petri dish to obtain the mass of crucible. (Mass is noted at 61. 805g with cruc ible and petri dish, crucibles mass: 25. 253g) tin is weighed between 0. 9000g and 1. 0g (for this expirement, . 98g is weighed) and added to the crucible, which is placed back onto the non. ignited Bunsen burner.While the crucible is being held by the Bunsen burner stand, 10M Nitric acid is dropped into the crucible with the tin unitil there is no longer any kind of reaction from it. This takes nearly 100 drops. It will bubble and fumes will arise. When nothing further occurs after ten minutes, the Bunsen burner is lit with the tin and nitric acid inside. Heat for about 15 minutes, let the crucible with the now contained tin oxide, cool on the wire gauze again and measure its mass. Repeat the heating process without adding anything to the crucible for an additional 15 minutes.After finding the mass of the tin oxide, by subtracting the initial weight of the crucible from the weight of the crucible with the tin oxide, we can compare the two measurements. Data: Grams Petri dish36. 552 With Crucible61. 805 Crucible alone with lid25. 253 Tin0. 98 After first run63. 043 Tin oxide:1. 238 Drops of nitric acid:100 Measured Oxygen:0. 258 2nd run of oxygen0. 253 Mass percentage of Tin: Oxygen79. 2%:20. 8% Moles of tin0. 0083 Moles of oxygen0. 01612 Discussion: After the nitric acid is applied to the tin filled crucible, the reaction has already began, after only a few drops, fumes start venting out of the crucible.There is . 98g of tin in the crucible; the nitric acid applied (100 drops: it is not necessary to weigh this for the ultimate objective of finding tin to oxygen ratio) may weigh 3 grams (hypothetically). There would be a net mass of 3. 98 grams, but due to the fumes of the reaction, some of this net mass is lost already before the burner is even turned on. This proves true even further once the burner is lit; brown fumes will be emitted from the crucible that we find later to be nitrogen dioxide in the CRC handbook. After heating and cooling, the crucible is n ow 1. 238g heavier than the empy crucible.After equating the mass of the now tin oxide, 1. 238g, we now find the tin to oxygen ratio. There is . 98 g of tin and . 258g of oxygen in this product, dividing this by their respective quantity of AMU found via the periodic table will give us the number of moles, 0. 0083 moles of tin in 0. 98 grams, or 8. 3 X10(3rd). There are 0. 01612 moles of oxygen in 0. 258 g of oxygen or 1. 612X10(3rd) this is the mass combined to the tin. When we divide these moles by the smaller figure, we then learn the empirical formula; this is our 1:2 ratios are found. Oxygen consists of 20. percent of the final mass, while tin is the remaining 79. 2%. Nitrogen is found by process of elimination, four different oxides of nitrogen are looked up in the CRC handbook: HNO3, NO, N2O, and NO2. NO2 is the only gas that is brown amongst this group. Sources of error would entail heating the crucible for duration of time too short for the reaction to finish, resulting in a heavier compound, and jeopardizing the legitimacy of the entire experiment. It could potentially leave the demonstration with nothing to be learned if there is not a 1:2 ratio after finding the inaccurate molar masses.Conclusion: This is to understand how reactions occur, and sometimes need more than to just be mixed together, heat is needed. Also, the ratio of mass does not infer ratio of atoms, far from it. The 1:2 tin oxide ratio results when one molecule of tin (Sn) combines with 2 nitric acid molecules (2HNO3), and the hydrogen is released as NO2 (byproduct) this is the fume referred to prior, where the value of mass is lost and the remains are the product of tin oxide: SnNO2. The mass of the tin far outweighs that of oxygen by nearly 60%, yet consists of only two thirds of the molecular ratio. Sn +2HNO3 > SnO2+2NO2+H2

Solution of Global Warming within Pacific Northwest Essay

Solution of Global Warming within Pacific Northwest - Essay Example A sufficient water supply is essential for energy production, agriculture, and ecosystems in the region.   The better part of the area's water is contained naturally in winter snowpacks located in the high areas. The snowpack heats up and flows into rivers sometime in spring and summer when there is insufficient rainfall. Climate change is a threat to the natural storage, and significant influence will be on the timing of water availability in streams and rivers all year round.Increased winter temperatures are predicted to result into more precipitation as rainfall in place of snow. Consequently, there will be a decrease in snow accumulation. The currently available April 1st snowpack, which is evidence of natural water availability for the warm season is predicted to decline by a high of 40 % by the year 2040. The reduction in the level of snowpack and ultimately water will most likely lead to drought in the summer season. Higher temperatures are predicted to result into more prec ipitation falling as rainfall. Consequently, the winter storm will rise. The changes would lead to winter flood risks.  Changing river flows will strain water management and deepen current demand for water. Water uses in the Northwest currently include hydropower, agricultural irrigation, municipal uses, and protection of the environment.   An increase in temperatures and population results in demand and strain on water supply. A decrease in summer stream flows results into reduced supply in electricity.

A Macroeconomic Crisis That Occurred during the Period 1900-2005 Research Proposal

A Macroeconomic Crisis That Occurred during the Period 1900-2005 - Research Proposal Example   A Macroeconomic Crisis that Occurred During the Period 1900-2005 (The Asian Currency Crisis)  A Macroeconomic Crisis that Occurred During the Period 1900-2005 (The Asian Currency Crisis)Introduction From a brief period of economic boom, Asia witnessed a financial crisis in 1997. Asia is far removed geographically from most of the developed world. Nevertheless, the Asian financial crisis took down with it many of the successful economies of the developed world. There may be arguments that the Asian financial crisis resulted solely from the flawed process of liberalization, while others may point to a currency crisis and the cross currents of the currency crisis promoting the financial crisis. However, there is general agreement that the interaction between macro-economic policies, the domestic financial sector and corporate governance within the Asian countries make them vulnerable to a financial crisis. Rationale Most of the Asian economies have weathered the recent economic cr isis through either the strength of their domestic demand in countries like India, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam or through the use of healthy fiscal resources to support exports in countries like China. This good showing of economies in Asia is what holds promise for quickening the pace of the slow recovery in the developed nations.. The success of the Asian economies thus becomes crucial for the speedy recovery of the developed world. Hindrances or faltering of the Asian economies could lead to stagnation or slowdown of the economic recovery of the Western world. There is worry on this account as the Asian countries still remain vulnerable to a repeat of the Asian financial crisis of 1997 that occurred at the time of an economic boom in the region. Furthermore, economist point out that Asian countries like China that are using their ample financial resources to spur exports and their economic growth would have to use large amounts of financial resources to maintain this pace economic growth. They estimate that the amount of financial resources that Asian countries would have to use to sustain this economic growth could be as high as $1 trillion and may pan out to be a â€Å"bottomless pit†.   It is for these reasons that I would like to revisit the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997.  

Organisational Performance Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Performance - Research Proposal Example Additionally, Morris & Maisto (2005) suggest that fears over unemployment in volatile or unpredictable business environments is a source of extreme stress, often leading to alcohol-related diseases or cases of extreme moodiness both personally and professionally. When thoughts of potential job loss are somewhat irrational and are not based on tangible organisational evidence, it is the responsibility of the employer to build a sense of security for their employees to avoid extreme stress development. This is accomplished, according to Griffin & Moorhead (2006) by reinforcing that their position is stable and, if they remain productive and active contributors to organisational success, they will continue to be employed and valued for their successes. Again, in this scenario, it is the responsibility of the employer to take a proactive leadership approach to boosting employee perceptions regarding job security, perhaps by offering the employee an opportunity to complete a fast-track ma nagement programme to illustrate that the company truly values the relationship. Th There are a wide variety of theories regarding employee and employer relationships in the modern organisation and how to utilise positive reinforcement and motivational theories as a tool to sustain these relationships and boost worker performance. However, establishing security and a sense of appreciation (from a self-esteem development perspective) appear to be the primary catalysts for positive organisational performance as a company whole. When employees are content and secure, they are likely to be larger contributors to securing long-term strategic objectives. The proposed study design Upon project approval, this impending study on organisational performance seeks to answer two specific research questions: What are the most viable methods for employers to establish a sense of security in employees without being misleading' Can employers actually develop self-esteem in their employee population and how is this accomplished in hectic or otherwise difficult organisational environments' This proposed study will take a qualitative approach to research analysis, which Henslin (2003) suggests involves the who, why, and how of relationships, utilising subjective analyses to determine causal relationships between two or more members of the same organisation. The qualitative research approach was determined to be a more viable research strategy than the quantitative approach, which generally relies on statistical information or numerical representation, such as analysis of information laid out in a closed-ended questionnaire format. Because this study requires qualitative research approaches, the semi-structured interview was selected as the most viable research instrument in this proposed study. This

Managment Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managment Planning - Research Paper Example Presently, the organization operates in over 60 international markets. The objectives of the organization are to attain an overall growth in terms of governance, organizational culture, customer retention and enhanced financial strength (Tyco, 2011). Therefore, management planning holds a vital role in the decision-making process of the organization. The objective of the paper will be to recognize the various management functions considered in the organization, i.e. ‘planning, organizing, leading and controlling’ as identified by Bateman & Snell (2009). It will further intend to evaluate the influences of legal issues, ethical considerations and corporate social responsibilities (CSR) on the management planning. It will also intend to identify and evaluate three other factors in the external and/or in the internal environment which have a significant influence on the strategic, tactical, operational and contingency planning. 2.0. Planning Functions of Management Accordin g to Bateman & Snell (2009), â€Å"management is the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organisational goals†. In order to execute the process with efficiency it is quite essential for the managers to take the support of a well-structured management planning. ... organizational leaders to identify the further scope of the business in terms of product line and efficiency but also plays a major role in rewarding an enhanced strategic value to the organization (Bateman & Snell, 2009). To be related with Tyco’s long-term management planning, its further initiation concentrates on its growth strategies. During the management planning for the future years, the company leaders also consider the opportunities focusing on the investments in ADT, marketing & sales and R&D (research & development). The planning also includes ‘bolt-on acquisitions’ along with further concentration on productivity improvements and capital allocations (Tyco, 2011). The planning function executed by Tyco can be observed as entirely based on the goals, i.e. to attain overall development comprising every aspect of the organization. Hence, the planning functions of the organization can be referred to be as highly effective considering the aspects raised by Bateman and Snell. 2.2. Organizing Organizing is referred to as a complex process considering almost every aspect involved in the management decision-making, from financial factors to the issues related with human resources. While executing the function, managers should not only consider the aspects active in the internal environment of the organization, but also emphasize on the external influencing factors, such as laws, socio-demographic features and others (Bateman & Snell, 2009). In this regard, the organizational leaders can be witnessed to effectively organize the available resources with due consideration to the external influencing factors. For instance, the strategic objective of the organization correlates with the technological, operational and branding or marketing along with the

Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example She is depicted as a loving and sympathetic woman in contrast to her boyfriend who is indifferent and unsympathetic fellow afraid of possible changes in his life. He is brutal and heartless which hurt feelings of the girl. It seems that the girl alternates between two moods of happiness and despair, states of activity, optimism, and power and passive states of contemplation and despondency. Jig comments; "And we could have all this," she said. "And we could have everything and every day we make it more impossible" (Hemingway). Hemingway gives some hints to readers that her boyfriend is totally indifferent to his unborn child and his destiny. "I know you wouldn't mind it, Jig. It's really not anything" (Hemingway). Hemingway depicts differences in world views and the importance of family for both characters. The boyfriend tries to persuade Jig to have an abortion which is "an awfully simple operation" "It's not really an operation at all." (Hemingway). To some extent, these remarks are offensive and insulting portraying that the man sees Jig as a light-minded creature unable to take care of her life and their unborn child.

Information Systems Security and Ethical Issues - Finance Management Assignment

Information Systems Security and Ethical Issues - Finance Management - Assignment Example Computerized information systems are becoming the De facto way to communicate business information, especially financial information. As Whitman and Mattord (2011), say, there are however many security issues which have to be used which range from internal threats, external threats from hackers, etc. Managerial information if more of a product by the financial management department rather than what they collect. This information is derived from raw data from other sources such as POS, Inventory data, etc The sources of financial information can either be primary or secondary. Primary data is the data that derived from direct transactions such as POS data while secondary data is data that has been derived from other sources of data, such as internal financial resources which includes the cash flow statements, the trial balance, the income statement etc. Financial accounting systems and Principles are also useful in avoiding errors. They are designed in such a way that if an error is made, the error is made. However, some errors (such as compensating errors) may not be detected in this way. Timely: information must be timely in order to be of any use, the right information provided at the wrong time is not useful to anyone. For instance, if there is going to be a fall in demand for a specific product, getting this information in time to plan for this change in market is very useful to the business, however, if this information comes at the wrong time, the information will not be of any use to the business and the business will still have to suffer the consequences. Relevant: information has to be relevant to a business and to a specific situation. For instance, information about the fall in market demand for cars may not be relevant for a retail store, unless there is a direct correlation between the two.

Brief history and Mission Statement Research Paper

Brief history and Mission Statement - Research Paper Example The mission statement of Southwest Airline is still applicable today and it reflects the main focus of the airline is to offer the highest quality services to its clients so that they can be satisfied. Thus, it reveals that satisfying customers and providing the highest quality services are the topmost priorities of Southwest Airlines. Southwest Airlines started its businesses in 1967 with the name of Air Southwest Co however the name of the company was changed in 1976 to Southwest Airlines Co. in 1975, the company was first listed in American Stock Exchange and then it migrated to NYSE in the year 1977. Herb Kelleher became the Chief Executive officer and President of Southwest Airlines in the year 1981 and before that he was the chairman since 1978. In 1990, total revenues of the airline were recorded to be more than $1 billion thus making Southwest Airlines as one of the major players in the airline industry. In 1994, the airline acquired Morris Air and Arizone One to expand its services (Southwest Airlines). To satisfy the customers and provide them more facilities, the airline started online booking system in 1996. SWABIZ, a travelling plan for business travelers was introduced in 2000 with which business travelers could plan, purchase and track business travel. DING, an application was introduced in 2005 by Southwest Airline that notified customers about exclusive offers of the company. No such application was introduced by any other company in the airline industry before Southwest Airlines (Southwest Airlines). For sixteen consecutive years (1991 through 2006), the Department of Transportation Air Travel Consumer Report listed Southwest airlines as among the top five of all major carriers for on-time performance and fewest customer complaints. Southwest is the only airline to ever hold the Triple Crown (first in all of the categories) for its annual performance. No

Historical Materialism Essay Example for Free

Historical Materialism Essay Social structures fall and crumble, and new ones take their place. This is a fact of civilization that has been with humanity since before the beginning of recorded history. Marxist theory takes this concept of change and asks an important question of it. Why do societies revolutionize themselves? Marxist theory, in this particular vein of thought, concerns itself with society’s motivations for change. In answer to this question Marxists use two distinct yet related forms of Materialism, Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism. They seek to use these concepts to apply logic to a seemingly random event, and there are indicators in history that this interpretation works. The important question to ask afterwards is do these interpretations still apply in a modern context. First, though, it is important to understand the Marxist concept of how revolution occurs. The Marxist interpretation of Materialism can be roughly broken up into two groupings, Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism. The aims of both of these concepts are the same though. Based on Marxist ideals these two concepts aim to explain the development of human history and give concrete motivation as to significant changes in human history. By considering both concepts in tandem one gains a full understanding of the Marxist interpretation of Materialism. Dialectical Materialism is based in two separate concepts, Dialectics and Materialism. Dialectics is one of the three original liberal arts, first developed in the classical world by the Ancient Greeks. (Saksena p543) Together with Rhetoric and Grammar, these liberal arts were developed as a means to fully understand the art of persuasion. Dialectic itself refers to the logic behind the argument, having a sound backing for your points. As such it is heavily grounded in logic. By combining this with materialism, the monist concept that everything in existence is made up of matter, you get a unique understanding of the basic makeup of Marxism. (Saksena p544) This is the lens through which the Marxist views the world, analytical and logical, with all things made up of a base product. When considering this with history, Historical Materialism is formed and Marxist understanding is applied to historical developments. Historical Materialism concerns itself with asking why and how Social progress is driven. The basic idea of this theory is that Human Society is based around how humans work to produce the means to live, and that all actions present in history are intrinsically tied to this. (Sober p310) There is also, in tandem with this, the concept that labour is divided into social classes, and that class division is dependant on the means of production. Finally, in terms of social movements, this theory states that these actions only occur when the dominant class is displaced by a newly emerging one. Eckstein p912) There are a series of ideas that go along with this concept of Historical Materialism. First and foremost is the concept that social progress is directly related to material progress, without some advancement in the process of production, social change will not occur. (Crimmins p523) Innate to this, it should be mentioned, is the concept that humans are involved with production. By tying societal progress intrinsically into manufacturing process, it ties the development of humanity, at its base level, to the worker. The worker then, becomes the means through which social progression is achieved, and also has some power over how humanity develops as a society. This power is not to be ignored, as this power is the central means to change in the Marxist view of history. By giving the workers this power it puts the means to change directly into their hands and makes them responsible for the future, and also for the past. But there is still the question of how this sect of society is motivated to action. Two distinct and yet related forces act in the concept of Historical Materialism, Production Relations and Productive Forces. Production Relations, here, can be understood to refer to the interaction between those producing the product and those paying the labourers to produce the product. (Manicas p241) Productive Forces refer to the actual labour pool that powers the productions. (Manicas p241) Understanding those two distinct terms, there is another sequence of required concepts in Historical Materialism that go along with those two concepts. Production Relations, it should be noted, develop relative to the development of productive forces. Manicas p244) An emphasis on production determines the speed of production force development. In other words, social progression is inversely relative to the way workers are treated. The change, for Marxist theorists, comes from dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs. If the workers are happy they will have no desire to change the situation. If the current state is not in their favor, however, they will be motivated to action. This of course will result, op timally, in a change in society. That is what is central about this concept, the impact it has on society. The theory believes that the structure of a society is intrinsically tied to the mode of production, or in other words the structure of a society is an expression of the mode of production. (Manicas p245) For example, a society built around a production structure heavily dependant on mechanical production will find an increase in the repair and maintenance industry, whereas a society based around manual labour will require a large number of individuals working to achieve its product. Stating that the product developed by a society has an impact on its structure can essentially sum up this whole concept. Moving beyond simply the types of jobs that would be desired, this speaks towards what the educational system of that society would be like, what the pay scale would be, what the living conditions would be at. This is all relative to the skill of the labour and the amount of education necessary to do the job. If the market is based around specialized jobs that require immense amounts of schooling, then the pay scale and standard of living for that society will be higher than a manual labour society which requires little to no education for the job. To put it simply, the more difficult the standard job for the society, the better off that society will be. But what of the problems that would arise form this formation. Critical Marxist theory believes that these concepts are tied in to some of the problems present in societies. Every state, they believe, is an institution of the ruling class. (Mayer p143) As such the laws and values of that state would seek to reinforce the means to profit. They would be utilizing everything down to the structure of the state to optimize the goal of the collective. In a capitalist structure, for example, the value structure is built around profit. As such, according to the Marxist theory, the values and systems inherent to this state would reinforce this ideal. Taking into account modern corporate practices of exporting service and manual labour to other countries where it is cheaper to attain, one sees the profit-based value structure of the capitalist system affecting their policy. The second important factor in this consideration is that State power is usually only transferred through upheaval. Sober p323) This is an extremely destructive means to achieve change, and this should be noted. It does not make it untrue, however. This violent upheaval, combined with the obliteration of the previous system, combine to show the means to change. As upsetting as it may be to think that our system is based on a wholly violent means to achieving its end, every indication through history shows this factor working time and again. Finally, this particular mode of production has to give out at some point as new technologies discover more efficient means of production. Thus the final belief of the Marxist Historical Materialist perspective is that when current production relations no longer function, progress is either stalled, or there is revolution. (Stiermotte p112) So the final catalyst, the straw that will break societies back, will be the death of production. This idea makes perfect sense when taken in terms of the whole of the argument. If motivation for change were present in the means to production and the relations between producer and employer, then the death of production would mean the end of that society producing. That is a perfect catalyst for setting off change. If there is no profit then the system, inherently built on it, fails and must be replaced. This is the full circle of Marxists Historical Materialism, the concept that when production fails, revolution will occur to re-imagine production systems to increase profit and thus advance that society. The hard question, however, is to what extent does this view of Historical Materialism apply today? Is it still a prescient means to understand societal development? If it is then perhaps it can be applied to see the future of society, maybe as a means to ensure we are not heading down a path we would not agree with. The system that comes afterwards is based in the values of those who are generally in opposition to the ruling class they have just ousted. As such they, logically, would seek to be as contrary to the original as possible. Before revolution occurs, one must contemplate what the most likely scenario would be and whether it is favorable. But before that can even occur, the question of whether this theory does indeed apply or not must be answered. As such there are four basic questions that must be answered in the affirmative for this to be the case. Is the motivation still present? Is there still a need for change? To this the answer would be affirmative. Present still in this world are primary causes for change; poverty, social inequality. These motivators are still present as a means to have the â€Å"poor† class desire change. The best example would be the rising unemployment rate in the UK. As is stated in the article, the rate of employment in the UK has descended from a â€Å"low unemployment economy to the high unemployment reality of the present era. (Leslie p371) So not only is there the sort of motivator to initiate change, the situation is actually getting progressively worse. Are there current social classes? Is there immense inequality between the classes? Yes, there are rich and poor classes in our current time and there is a distinct difference between them. Moreover the capability to move between classes is but a faint hope and it is not often that this occurs. Are these classes developed based on the mode of production? If one observes the poorer classes and their particular jobs, then one must see that their poverty is indeed tied in to the mode of production. Most often the only means of employment is to work for the rich class in a company owned by them. (Mayer p144) The ruling class here is utilizing the labour forces as a means to production. Is the state an institution of the ruling class? Does it enforce their values? In a capitalist society the values are based around profit. The values inherent to the state thus reinforce the values of the ruling class, the desire for profit before any other considerations. This is seen through the mutually declining state of employment and also health care in the UK. Through putting profit before the welfare of the employee, considerations that should normally be considered mandatory are lost by the wayside. Healthcare, in particular neonatal health care, declines as suicide and para-suicide rates increase. (Cook p73) All together this forms the impression of the powers in charge of production being unmoved by the plight of the labour force they are using. The factors for change, as outlined through Historical Materialism, are still present in current culture. Action, however, is not present. But this action, according to Historical Materialism, will only be sparked when production fails. This failure will either stall production or bring about revolution. Production, at this time, has not stopped so the final motivation for revolution is not present. But Marx never did suppose that any progress would be instantaneous, rather he stated quite the opposite. His logic was grounded in the development of the world from a proto-communist/tribal society, through ancient civilization, to feudalism, to capitalism, and finally to the ideal communist state. Marx’s worldview is that humanity is slowly progressing towards a communist state of peace, yet by his own admission; the world actually began in a proto-communist state, and then progressed away from this. Is the end state of Communism actually a step back, or is it a cyclical view of the world wherein, upon reaching the communist state at the end, the cycle begins anew and humanity goes back to ancient civilization. Progression does not necessarily entail constant forward movement in the Marxist view, only that a new class will replace the ruling elite, and society will be accordingly supplanted with a new structure. Nowhere does it emphasize this progress as a positive development. What we must really ask ourselves is, is this the future we want for our society? Do we want to go back to where we began? Do we want to develop the same way we have for years or have the myriad of problems that have arisen accordingly shown us that perhaps searching for a better means to development is the best option? Do we want history to repeat itself, or do we want to shape it?

What a Games Designer does

What a Games Designer does What is a games designer? A games designer is a person who designs video games. They use programs to create the characters, they storyboard and the graphics. They also write the programs that allow the users to interact with the game. The gaming industry did not begin to develop 1960s and 1970s, when computer programmers at some large universities big companies, and government labs began designing games on mainframe computers (Ferguson page 57). Over the years the gaming industry has grown at an alarming rate. As technology grows so did the game designing industry. Since the gaming industry is so large, many people that have a dream to make games can do it. When interviewing with Terri Banker, he said the most important professional qualities for game designers is to have an interest in communicating with other people, and developing interesting things as a group. And being thoughtful, creative, and patient. But when some people try to get in this industry, they dont know what it tak es to successful game designer. To become a successful game designer, they have to know the background information, education and training requirements and the daily duties with the profession. The background information is the history of game designing. Steve Russell was perhaps the first video game designer (Ferguson page 56). In 1962, when he was in college, he made up a simple game called Spacewar. The graphics of space ships flew through a starry sky on the video screen, the object of the game being to shoot down enemy ships. Nolan Bushnell, another early designer, played Spacewar in college. In 1972 he put the first videogame in an arcade. It was a game very much like Spacewar, and he called it Computer Space. However, many users found the game difficult to play, so it was not a success. Bruce Artwick published the first of many versions of Flight Simulator. Most games were designed for video machines. Not until the later 1970s did specially equipped TVs and early personal computers begin appearing. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, designers working for Atari and Intellivision made games for home video systems, PCs (computer), and video arcades. Many of these new ga mes had graphics, sound, text, and animation. Designers of games like Pac-Man, Donkey Kong, and Space Invaders were successful and popular. Richard Garriott created Ultima, another major role-playing game. Games began to feature the names and photos of their programmers on the packaging, giving credit to individual designers (Ferguson page 57). Workers at Electronic Arts began to focus on making games for PCs to take advantage of technology that included the computer keyboard, more memory, and floppy disks. New technology included more compact floppies, sound cards, and larger memory. Designers also had to create games that would work on more than just one platform such as PCs, Apple computers, and 64 bit video game machines. In the 1990s, Electronic Arts started to hire teams of designers instead of those who design games from start to finish independently because it was so more sufficient. Larger teams were needed because games became more complex. Design teams would include not only programmers but also artists, musicians, writers, and animators. Designers made breakthroughs such as using more entertaining graphics, creating more depth in role playing games, using virtual reality in sports games, and using more visual realism in racing games and flight simulators. This new breed of designers created games using technique s like Assembly, and HyperCard. By 1994, designers began to use CD-ROM technology to its fullest. At some high school there are game design programs may be offered. Even though a college degree isnt required to be a game designer, most companies are looking for creative people who also have a degree (Ferguson #59). There are many degrees for game designs such as BAGD and BSGD. A BAGD (DigiPens Bachelor of Arts in game design) is an interdisciplinary degree program that prepares students to become designers and artists for the electronic and digital entertainment industries. The BAGD faculty works with companies like Nintendo software technology Microsoft, and EA. The BAGD faculties come from a wide range of backgrounds and include individuals with professional experience in game design, development, and art at companies. A BSGD (DigiPens Bachelor of Science in game design) is an interdisciplinary degree program that stresses the importance of having the technology, ability to write computer programs, and also a solid grounding in the humanities and social sciences. The BSGD curri culum is the game industry requires versatile and knowledgeable personnel, and most game designer job description list skills that include scripting and tuning as well as art design. Graduates of this program are prepared to work in the video and electronic game industry (www.digipen.edu). When interviewing with Terri Banker, he was asked what advice you would give high school students who are interested in this career. He responded if you want to start making games, you dont need anyones permission, start now! Not only make them, study them and play them and play them with people. Figure out what goes right and what goes wrong, then fix it and start over. I would say go to college for computer science, art or any other discipline that interests you. Game design is so broad that most career paths will be able to lead you there, but its always good to have a skill that can get your foot in the door. Do things! Play games, watch movies, go to theater plays, etc. Game design is about c reating meaningful experiences. The more experiences you have the better designer you will be. Experiences do not have to be game related though, just as an example Ive worked at a hotel most of my life doing all sorts of things, also a telecommunications company and even a dredging company. I feel all of those experiences save contributed in many different ways to shape my design philosophies. Game designer have many daily duties. Daily work varies greatly, and it will depend on what type of game youre designing, what type of designer there are and what stage of completion the game is on. Initially, they will be crafting a broad design of the game in broad strokes, what do they want the game to be? As the game moves along they will need to define all the features and make a plan for everything the player will be able to do in the game. Then its their turn to design these activities down to their details, and design the ways activities and features interact with each other. They will also need to design all the games systems, the mechanisms and gears that hold the game together. It will be their job to make sure everything is good enough to put in the game and to make sure that everything fits together nicely. Then theyll need to take point on the polish of the game, so that it feels professionally done and provides a quality experience. Each of these steps is iterative, wh ich means that you wont get any of them right on your fires try. They will have to try different things, test them, to see how they fare, adapt, re-design tryagain. When interviewing with Terri Banker, he said this is another one of my favorite parts, I usually dont know what the day is going to be like! This makes it very exciting. One thing to keep in mind though, is that you still work eight hours a day or sometimes more, have meetings, use excel and send emails just like at any other job. One was the most important professional qualities of a game designer is teamwork, listening, communicating, adapting and compromising. The responsibilities for a game designer is to designing the layout and game play of a video game and to heavy coding and programming skills. In conclusion if they love to play games, understanding how games worked, and trying to mess with the worked then game designing is a perfect career for them. Terri Banker advice for new game designer staring out is to play a lot of game and make a lot of game. To find a job in the industry include going to job fairs where they find recruiters looking for creative people to work at their companies, and checking in with online user groups, which often post jobs on the internet. To have better opportunities to advance their position and possibly earn more money, computer and video game designers have to keep up with technology (Ferguson page 61). They must be willing to constantly learn more about design, the industry, and even financial and legal matters involved in development. With background knowledge, education and training and daily duties of the profession, this is what you need to know to have a profession in game designs.

Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay -- Alice Walker Everyday Use Essays

Everyday Use by Alice Walker In the short story Everyday Use, by Alice Walker, is narration by an African American woman in the South who is faced with the ultimate decision to whom she should give away the two quilts. Dee, her oldest daughter who is visiting from college, perceives the quilts as popular fashion and believes they should undoubtedly be given to her. Maggie, her youngest daughter, who still lives at home and understands the family heritage, has been promised the quilts. The two daughters each have opposing views on the value and worth of the different items in their lives. Walker uses this conflict to make the point that the significance of heritage is more important than style; so Mama she decides based upon the appearance, personalities and the idea about the family artifacts. Maggie is not as attractive as Dee. She is thin and an awkward girl. Her mother says â€Å"good looks pass her by.† Furthermore, she carries herself like someone who has low self-esteem, which her mother describes as â€Å"chin on chest, eyes on ground.† Maggie has characteristics like her mother, she is an example that heritage in both knowledge and form passes from one generation to another. Mama is a full-bodied woman who does the needed upkeep if their home and wears overalls daily because she does not care about her appearance compared to her eldest daughter. Dee, on the other hand, is an attractive woman in college. Mama describes Dee as having, â€Å"nice hair and a full figure.† Dee t...

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Child Development Essay -- Human Developmental

Erik Erikson presented eight stages of human development, which last throughout an entire life-span. Throughout each developmental stage, each developmental task presents a catastrophe for the individual. Erikson defined catastrophe as â€Å"a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential† (Santrock 73). Each of Erikson’s developmental stages is presented in such a way that the negatives and positives are clearly defined. Although there are eight developmental stages, five pertain to a child’s development. The first stage, which occurs during the first year of life, is labeled as trust versus mistrust. Trust is developed when the caregiver is nurturing which gives the child a feel of comfort. When a child receives positive care giving, the child will then trust his or her caregiver, providing beneficial development. However, when a child does not receive positive care giving then mistrust develops. When a child reaches the ages of one to three years old, the stage the child experiences is autonomy versus shame and doubt. When a child or infant gains trust in his or her caregiver, they realize that their behavior is their own (cccc73). At this stage, infants are discovering and learning new concepts and tasks daily. Since learning and independence is important at this age, restraint by the parents can hinder development and cause the child to feel a sense of shame or doubt. As a child enters her or his preschool years, Erikson’s third stage becomes present which is initiative ve rsus guilt. During this stage, children are developing socially and â€Å"need to engage in active, purposeful behavior that involves initiative† (Santrock 74). With a greater social world comes greater responsibility especially behavior ... ...roblems with independence and self-control. Children raised in a neglectful setting are not motivated by achievement so academically they may suffer. Indulgent parenting is the final type of parenting, in which parents are extremely involved in a child’s life but few limitations are set into place. Due to very little limitation and great amounts of parental involvement a child is more apt to be creative and independent but suffers socially and lacks the ability to maintain self-control (78). The types of parenting commonly used, influence students greatly in both positive and negative ways. Each parenting style has its drawbacks however a happy balance of involvement and control leads to a child that is socially competent and well-rounded. Works Cited Santrock, John W. Life-span Development. Twelve ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009. Print.

Mad Genius: A Look into Bipolar Disorder and Creativity Essay examples

Augustus Saint-Gaudens once said, â€Å"What garlic is to salad, insanity is to art.† This quote summarizes the stereotype of the creative world as being whimsical and a bit loony; furthermore, one must consider if there is any merit to this opinion. Much debate is focused around this topic. Specifically, this paper will focus on the merit of a connection between bipolar disorder and creativity. Irwin G. Sarason and Barbara R. Sarason (2005) define bipolar disorder as a mood disorder classified by an alteration between a state of mania and depression. In addition, Albert Rothenberg, M.D. (2001) gives insight into the scientific definition of creativity. He believes januvial processes (brain’s ability to conceive multiple opposites simultaneously) and homospatial processes (conceiving two or more discrete entities occupying the same space, which results in a conception leading to the articulation of new identities) are necessary in creativity. The New York Times ques tioned the general populations’ definition of this potentially lucrative trait. The writers questioned, â€Å"What separates humans from animals and ever more advanced machines?’ and [it] gives the answer: ‘We make art† (as cited in Rothenberg, 2001). With these general definitions of bipolar disorder spectrum and creativity, this paper will look into the history, causes, and effects of the disorder on creativity. Curiosity dating back to the Greeks involving this connection has prompted a fair amount of research. Three dominant figures in the psychological field, Jamison, Andreasen, and Richards, are key researchers in the relation of bipolar disorder and creativity. These three psychologists have differing beliefs on the subject, but unanimously agree on the genetic co... ...cts of the disorder can be marked positively in the work artists of all fields produce, but devastating results are also a reality. Therefore, we must as a society remember the critical disadvantages of this disorder before focusing on how society as a whole may benefit. References Richards, R., Kinney, D. K., Lunde, I., Benet, M., & Merzel, A. C. (1988). Creativity in manic-depressives, cyclothymes, their normal relatives, and control subjects. Rothenberg, A. (2001). Bipolar illness, creativity, and treatment. Sarason I., & Sarason B. (2005) Abnormal Psychology: The proglem of maladaptive behavior. Eleventh edition. Schlesinger, J. (2009). Creative mythconceptions: A closer look at the evidence for the "mad genius" hypothesis. Shapiro, P. J., & Weisberg, R. W. (1999). Creativity and bipolar diathesis: Common behavioural and cognitive components.

Econimics Questionnaire

Name: Registration Number: Program: Total Marks: [20]   Weight: 5% †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Qs. 1 a. Why do economists include only final goods in measuring GDP for a particular year? Why don't they include the value of the stocks and bonds bought and sold? Why don't they include the value of the used furniture bought and sold? [4] b. What are the four phases of the business cycle? [3] Qs. 2 Recent figures showed the CPI at 210. , while one year earlier it was 202. 2. [3] a. What was the rate of inflation over the previous year? b. At this rate of inflation, approximately how long will it take for the price level to double? Qs. 3 A hypothetical economy's consumption schedule is given in the table below. GDP=DI| C| 6600| 6680| 6800| 6840| 7000| 7000| 7200| 7160| 7400| 7320| 7600| 7480| 7800| 7640| 8000| 7800| Use the information to answer the following: [5] a. If disposable income were $7400, how much would be saved? b. What is the â€Å"break-even† level of disposable income? . What is this economy's marginal propensity to consume? d. What is the average propensity to consume when disposable income is $7000? When disposable income is $8000? Qs. 4 a. Suppose a $100 increase in desired investment spending ultimately results in a $300 increase in real GDP. What is the size of the multiplier? [1] b. If the MPS is . 4, what is the multiplier? [1] c. If the MPC is . 75, what is the multiplier? [1] d. Suppose investment spending initially increases by $50 billion in an economy whose MPC is 2/3. By how much will this ultimately change real GDP? [2] Econimics Questionnaire Name: Registration Number: Program: Total Marks: [20]   Weight: 5% †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Qs. 1 a. Why do economists include only final goods in measuring GDP for a particular year? Why don't they include the value of the stocks and bonds bought and sold? Why don't they include the value of the used furniture bought and sold? [4] b. What are the four phases of the business cycle? [3] Qs. 2 Recent figures showed the CPI at 210. , while one year earlier it was 202. 2. [3] a. What was the rate of inflation over the previous year? b. At this rate of inflation, approximately how long will it take for the price level to double? Qs. 3 A hypothetical economy's consumption schedule is given in the table below. GDP=DI| C| 6600| 6680| 6800| 6840| 7000| 7000| 7200| 7160| 7400| 7320| 7600| 7480| 7800| 7640| 8000| 7800| Use the information to answer the following: [5] a. If disposable income were $7400, how much would be saved? b. What is the â€Å"break-even† level of disposable income? . What is this economy's marginal propensity to consume? d. What is the average propensity to consume when disposable income is $7000? When disposable income is $8000? Qs. 4 a. Suppose a $100 increase in desired investment spending ultimately results in a $300 increase in real GDP. What is the size of the multiplier? [1] b. If the MPS is . 4, what is the multiplier? [1] c. If the MPC is . 75, what is the multiplier? [1] d. Suppose investment spending initially increases by $50 billion in an economy whose MPC is 2/3. By how much will this ultimately change real GDP? [2]

Martha E Rogers

A casual occurrence, she shared her birthday with Florence Nightingale born 94 years before and had passed away four years before. They will share more than a birthrate as we will see later namely the role of the nursing as distinct from medicine. One is helping nature while nursing puts the patient in the best environment for nature to act 3 Martha was born in a family which valued education and from an early age she was an avid reader challenging herself to read up to five books a week.She was an avid learner as well with no hesitation for the harder classes such as math and algebra. She ran in the first gender issue then as she was the only woman in that class. She wanted to put her learning skills and knowledge towards contribution to social welfare hesitating between law and medicine and eventually opting for the later. She started in pre- med at the University of Tennessee (1931) but withdrew in 1933 under the pressure this was not a career deemed suitable for a woman. This was even told her by her parents.She eventually received a diploma from the Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing in 1936. Despite her being valedictorian of her class, her parents were not happy she did not have a degree and enrolled the George Peabody College in Nashville where she earned a Bachelor of Science in Public Health Nursing in 1937. After graduation, she worked for the Children's Fund of Michigan as public health nurse. Her work involved home visits, case finding giving vaccinations, planning and giving health teaching programs.She then decided to further her education by entering into a Master program at Columbians Teacher's College in New York in 1939. She would graduate in 1945 having worked at the Visiting Nurse Association in Hartford CT culminating her involvement there as acting Director of Education. Upon graduation in 1945, she took the position of executive director of the Phoenix Visiting Nurse Association in Arizona. An intellectual she called for an â⠂¬Å"educational revolution in nursing'6 that differentiated university education from vocational training grounded in theoretical knowledge.This intellectual curiosity led her to another Master in Public Health in 1952 from the John Hopkins University, the premier health program in the US. She went on to earn a Doctor of Science degree (Sad) in 1954, with a circus similar to a PhD, thus becoming one of the very few nurses holding a doctoral program. Her view on what the requirements for nurses should be which had led her to her pursuit of academic achievements was rewarded with the position of professor of Nursing and head of the Division of Nursing a New York University in 1954.In her mind, nursing was not a vocational school but required the expansion of curriculum with theory based leaning and a bachelor of science program. It is during this period that she developed a new theory – the science of unitary human beings, writing three books Educational Revolution in Nursing ( 1961), Reveille in Nursing (1964) and An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing (1970). This last book marked the beginning of a new era in nursing.She identified the central focus of nursing concerns by understanding the importance of studying human beings and their environments as an irreducible unitary whole and that human beings are more than and different from the sum of their parts. I do not claim to understand everything it means and I have followed the presentation by a am of students from Northern Arizona University in nursing who presented this as a final project to their class. She proposed an abstract system which is comprised of four key concepts: Energy fields: the fundamental unit of life.Openness: there are no boundaries to prevent the flow of energy between human and environmental energy fields providing for the continuous movement of matter and energy. Pattern: distinguishing characteristics of the field that reflects the dynamic change of nature and man' s innovative wholeness. Pan-dimensionality: non linear domain without spatial or time-based characteristics, the coming together of n infinite number of dimensions. These four concepts are the building blocks that construct the three scientific principles of homeostasis which proposes a way to view the unitary human being.Integrally: The human energy fields that are mutually and continuously changing: we affect our environment and it affects us – meditation or music can promote a positive human environment. Resonance: from the field of physics. The constant change of the way patterns from higher to lower frequency – the flow of energy between people and everything in the world around them. Can be done through human touch, talking, drawing, storytelling or any active usage of imagination.Helical: any small change in any environmental field causes ripple effect which creates larger changes in other fields; the continuous evolution of change that results from the interact ion of human environment fields. It is both constant and unpredictable and explains the fact that there are many forces that are interacting. This extremely intellectual approach to nursing which was also the result of her education and her thriving for knowledge derives also from a philosophy with a positive attitude to the human being.It seeks for the patient to reach self- actualization as described by Abraham Moscow. I would argue that beyond the theoretical construct she wrote and which can be difficult for the layman to understand, Martha Rogers gave a fundamental belief that nurses are more than simple caregivers and though their communication and understanding of the patient, the nurse can provide a fundamental boost and daily encouragement to the patient to reach well-being. This psychological drive is combined with the scientific elements of knowledge of what is a proper environment for the patient to move forward.This last point is very much in line with the theories put forward by Florence Nightingale in creating a nurturing environment for patients. It is may be a coincidence that both were born on the same day but also remained unmarried dedicated to the cause of nursing at promoting a healthy filed and environment for patients to recover. In your opinion, how did the theory of Martha Rogers enhance and improve the nursing care given to the patients? Martha Rogers believed that nursing was both a science and an art.Her thriving for more scientific knowledge for nurses means that attentions were taken care of by better educated nurses who were more able to understand the medical underpinning of the treatment administered to the patient. At the same time the holistic approach derived from her theoretical research means that patients can expect nurses who are more in tune with the forces which affect their lives and how the environment in which they are recovering can be affected by the attention and care given to them.The overall affect they receiv e is enhanced through the concept of helical – the gentle push given to support the patient's morale by the nurse has a profound effect on the patient's recovery. This is enhanced as the psychological makeup of the patient is affected by the care attention and devotion given by the nurse who has been trained to understand both the technical remedies offered by medicine but also tries to communicate and fosters the energy fields of the patient – his or her resilience in the face of illness and all of the motivation which will help the patient fight for full recovery.Behind the complex words in Martha Rorer's theories, I view the role of the nurse as both understanding the regimen of medical treatment which has been proposed by the doctors but also a close legislation with the patient which means that the patient is not alone in fighting for recovery. It reminds me of the final plea of Patch Adams when he tells his fellow students to listen to the nurses.They have a fing er on the psychological pulse of the patient and can relate to the will for recovery and offer actual support to the patient. By articulating that trained nurses can understand both the technical issues of a treatment as well as the human issues of a patient, Martha Rogers elevates the role of the nurse from a simple caregiver to an individual fully involved in the recovery and well-being of patients.

Essay on 2g Spectrum

Essay on 2G Spectrum Scam B Rajashekar Reddy (1593206) MADS 6604 Ethics and Public Values Prof Brenda Lyshaug, Ph. D. Fairleigh Dickinson University April 01, 2013 â€Å"2G† stands for â€Å"Second-generation wireless telephone technology†. The 2G scam is one of the biggest scam till now in India and the highest authority of India Supreme Court stated that this scam is mother of all the scam till now in India. In this 2G spectrum scam many government officials are involved for illegally undercharging frequency allocation for the mobile telephonic companies.The difference between the money collected and the money to be obtained is 1, 76,379 crore rupees (USD 39 billion). The issuing of licenses to the mobile companies occurred in 2008, but it first came to notice when the income tax department investigating one of the political person NiraRadia. CBI and CAG are the two investigation agencies involved in the investigation of the 2g scam. CAG is a file based government aud iting agency. It focuses on reporting the issues when there is a deviation from the set policies and procedures and also how it is effected the economy growth.CAG has clearly mentioned that the allotment of licenses was not held in realistic price. That has caused a loss of revenue up to Rs. 176 lakhs crore to the government of India. The report also stated that telecom minister A. Raja has totally ignored the advice of finance ministries on allocation of license to benefit for few operators. It also that all the telecom regulator acts are ignored to misused. CAG also reported that the price at the license was allocated in 2008 are according to the prices in 2001.The price is very low when compared to the technology and other development from the year 2008 to 2001 which has resulted in loss to the government. The auction methods followed and the bids to invite the participants to sell the license are not carried out according to proper rules. CAG also stated that telecom ministry ha s crossed all the financial procedures, policies and rules according to his needs. Raja has issued licenses to the candidates who are ineligible and to the candidates submitted the false documents. From 122 licenses 85 are illegally assigned nd they are not to the mark or rules needed by the telecom regulations act. Government has also formed a special central bureau of investigation team to investigate the case. The charge sheet filled by the CBI has stated that the loss was 309845. 5 million (US$ 5. 7 billion) on 2nd April 2011. As per joint report of Income Tax Department and Central Bureau of Investigation agencies. It has stated that A. Raja could have received an amount of 30 billion rupees (US$ 550 million) as a bribe from the companies for bringing the cut-off date forward for the applicants of spectrum.The actual date of submission is 1st October 2007 then later it is shifted to 25th September 2007 this shift in the deadline has eliminated many applications and it went favo r of some of the applicants. His auction is not done according to the market valuation and instead he adopted the rate of 2001, when the telecom sector was in perfect boom. Actions to prevent such scams All the proceeding done by the parliamentary committees should be made clear to the public and media, so that everyone can clearly understand the issue.The government needs to take severe and serious actions in such issue that can restrict others to involve in such scam. Government has to prove itself by taking all the actions on the accused independent of their position and personality. Media has to perform its duty by letting out the truth to the public in such issues. Fast track courts are to be established by government to create transparence in the justice in such scams. On May 2007, A. Raja has been appointed as a telecom minister and in august 2007 department of telecommunications DOT has initiated a process of allocation for 2G spectrum.On 25th of September 2007 telecom minis try issues press not for the deadline for applications as October 1st 2007. The prime minister of India writes to the telecom ministry A. Raja to make sure that all the process of allotment should be carried in a transparent and fair manner and to make sure about the fee with respect to the market value. But, A. Raja has wrote back to prime ministry rejecting many of his suggestions and recommendations. This scam involves many political issues, as A. Raja is member of DMK party which supports congress government in the central.Some videos related to A. Raja regarding the lobbing for the post of telecom ministry has been leaked to press. That became as a serious issue in the central at the same time 2g scam has been came in to the picture. Congress government thought of laying off the case as it became a prestige issues to the government. In this process the CBI head and Income tax department head has been discharged from their positions and sent to other department. Since, DMK is a supporting party to the government. The government doesn’t want to lose their support as it is very much needed to be in power.As the video’s regarding the lobbing for the telecom ministry post has went in to the public through media. Then the government stated to resign for the post of telecom minister. Earlier, A. Raja refused to resign but later his is left with no other option. In this scam, the government tried to divert the issue by stating that there was a gain instead of loss to the government. Later, other statement has been issued from government stating that there was a zero loss to the government. This two contradiction statement has created my doubts in the public.As per the public petition filled by the senior retired officer the Supreme Court has take up the case and on 2nd February 2012 the supreme court of India has stated that the license allocation are done without following any procedures and rules and this directly has favored many companies. A. Ra ja has been arrested on February 2nd 2011 and this impacted many company shares and share market has been collapsed by 20% on that day. Companies like swan telecom and unitech have got the licenses at very low price and then they sold and given partnership to other companies at very high price when compared to the price that they got the license.This clearly states the difference between buying and selling price, which has done great loss to the government. For this, A. Raja has taken bribe from the companies indirectly by investing the money into the Kalaignar TV channel in Chennai, which is headed by MP Kanimozhi daughter of DMK party leader M. Karunanidhi. Telecom department need to follow the telecom regulation act and rules and this should be monitored by the department of telecom director. If anything done in wrong way or without following the rules then it should be notified by the director and definite action should be taken like cancelling the licenses.The government needs to assign this post to talented and trustful and sincere persons like retired IPS officers. This scam could not been occurred if the director of department could have noticed it and complained it to the higher officials. When such bids or allocations are conducted with large amount of money then there need to be some steps should be carried out like perfect document verification and perfect financial statement. Also need to check whether the company has all the eligibilities to apply or not. There need to perfect rules and regulations need to be setup before the process of bid is initialized.The income tax and CBI need to focus on the participants of the bids. Since, large amount of money is involved in the bid. Government also need to act irrespective to the political issues when such issues occur. Instead of covering those issues the government needs to take transparent and fair action regardless of the political issues and matters. As a government servant A. Raja has misused all his powers and responsibilities for his now needs and work. He used his power to build his own wealth and his fellow beings. As a public and government servant he needs to serve the public with their needs and wants.He used all the powers for his own interest. As a public servant he has lost all his faith and trust towards the public. He misused the public funds and values of the parliamentary. Which is very unethical to do being in such high position. Beside A. Raja, M. K. Kanimozhi has also involved in the scam. M. K. Kanimozhi is only daughter of five time chief minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidi representing DMK political party. Kanimozhi is Member of Parliament representing Rajya Sabha for Tamil Nadu. As per the charge sheet Kanimozhi has 20% share in her family owned TV channel Kalaignar in Tamil Nadu.As per the CBI Kamimozhi is main head behind the scam as she worked with A. Raja to shift the money from the applicants of spectrum to Kalaignar TV about 2 billion. Also, stat ed that A. Raja has directly involved in launching the TV channel by getting the permission from Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and also from DTH Tata service. She was charged a case to breach the trust by a public servant. She was arrested by CBI on May 20th 2011 and granted bail on November 28th, 2011 after spending in judicial custody. Still the tail is being following in special branch court CBI.Siddharth Behura is the telecom secretary when whole issue has taken place. Allegation on him is that he has shifted the deadline for the applications so has to avoid some companies. This is total misuse of power. He has been arrested by CBI on Feb 2nd 2011 and granted bail later. RK Chandolia, Raja’s private secretary involved in each and every aspect of the scam. He and Behura both together planned to limit deadline for the applications. He was arrested by CBI on Feb 2nd, 2011 and later granted bail. Irrespective of political pressure the ministry should be handed to w ell educated and trustful person.I think the director of department and minister is responsible for the entire scam. The Director of Department position needs filled by the sincere and honest person like retired IPS officers. The CBI offers and income tax department need to work out very effectively. Political pressure should not be applied on both the departments. In most of the cases the CBI is operated by the central government which makes its weaker to actions on the accused. That is not good for the country growth. CBI is a independent department under Supreme Court but most of the cases it work with respect to the ruling party.The income tax department needs to be more advanced and strengthen. This could reduce the flow of black money in this kind of situations. They need to monitor every action when related to the huge change of money. Media need to be alert in such issue and need provide perfect information to public. In this scam media played a vital role by leaking out the important videos to the public and letting out the truth. Whistle blowing in some situation is very important and in some other situations it create serious problem to the whistle blower.When coming to this scam I think whistle blowing is right thing to do. Since, the highest position of the department of telecom is involved in it. Report against a minister to any higher authority is not a normal thing. This could be harmful to him and his position in the government. In this scam a government offer has approached to income tax department about the issue and other filled a case in the Supreme Court. As many political and government officials are involved complaint to higher authorities is very risk thing to do.In this case the government tried to reduce the impact of the issue by withdrawing the head of CBI and Income tax department by this we can understand the political pressure in this issue. Later whistle blowing to the media had made to case to sustain and the accused got arres ted. A. Raja has cleared used all his powers for his own purpose. The lobbying for the post of telecom minister itself clearly stated his nature. He didn’t even consider the recommendation and rules that Prime Minister has recommended. His thoughts were to earn and take advantage from his position.In his views it is ethical for him to do like as he did for his self advantage. The result of Raja’s dissent is the 2G scam. His dissent had done great loss to the government of India. Lot of money has been misdirected from the government treasure which should be used for the public welfare. This issue has lost the trust on the government in the public. The entire license issued by the Raja has been dismissed by the government and allocations with new prices are done later. This has been wasted government time and money. The moral principles like not to cheat the public being a public representative are at stake.The responsibility values as being in the position are at stake. As a responsible person Raja has make all the allotments in fair and transparent manner. He should act in such a way that government and public need to get advantage of it. Everything exposed in this scam are done unethically, being a public servant he should use the power for the public welfare not for his own needs. But Raja has totally misused his power for his personal needs and to give advantage for his own people. To stop such scam CBI and income tax departments need to be provided with full power and no political pressure on them.Reference 2g scam: Timeline. (2011, OCT 22). THE INDIAN EXPRESS. Retrieved from http://www. indianexpress. com/news/2g-scam-timeline/864055 2g spectrum scam: The story so far. (2011, September 15). NDTV. Retrieved from http://www. ndtv. com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-the-story-so-far-133841 Court to consider charge sheet in 2g scam case on feb. 11. (2013, JAN 30). THE HINDU. Retrieved from http://www. thehindu. com/news/national/court-to-conside r-charge-sheet-in-2g-scam-case-on-feb-11/article4360930. ece Dhananjay , M. (2011, sept 07). 2g loss? ovt gained over rs 3,000cr: Trai. THE TIME OF INDIA. Retrieved from http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2011-09-07/india/30122800_1_spectrum-trai-2g John , R. ( 2012, February 06). India to auction 2g spectrum from scandal-tainted licences. TECHWORLD. Retrieved from http://news. techworld. com/networking/3335201/india-to-auction-2g-spectrum-from-scandal-tainted-licences/ What is the 2g spectrum scam about?. (2012, march 2013). DECCAN HERALD. Retrieved from http://www. deccanherald. com/content/112984/what-2g-spectrum-scam-about. html